FISMA

FISMA

Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Implementation Project.

FISMA Objectives

Protecting the Nation's Critical Information Infrastructure. To promote the development of key security standards and guidelines to support the implementation of and compliance with the Federal Information Security Management Act including:

• Standards for categorizing information and information systems by mission impact.
• Standards for minimum security requirements for information and information systems.
• Guidance for selecting appropriate security controls for information systems.
• Guidance for assessing security controls in information systems and determining security control effectiveness.
• Guidance for certifying and accrediting information systems.

Background

The E-Government Act (Public Law 107-347) passed by the 107th Congress and signed into law by the President in December 2002 recognized the importance of information security to the economic and national security interests of the United States. Title III of the E-Government Act, entitled the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) requires each federal agency to develop, document, and implement an agency-wide program to provide information security for the information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency, including those provided or managed by another agency, contractor, or other source.

An effective information security program should include:

• Periodic assessments of risk, including the magnitude of harm that could result from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the organization
• Policies and procedures that are based on risk assessments, cost-effectively reduce information security risks to an acceptable level, and ensure that information security is addressed throughout the life cycle of each organizational information system
• Subordinate plans for providing adequate information security for networks, facilities, information systems, or groups of information systems, as appropriate
• Security awareness training to inform personnel (including contractors and other users of information systems that support the operations and assets of the organization) of the information security risks associated with their activities and their responsibilities in complying with organizational policies and procedures designed to reduce these risks
• Periodic testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, practices, and security controls to be performed with a frequency depending on risk, but no less than annually
• A process for planning, implementing, evaluating, and documenting remedial actions to address any deficiencies in the information security policies, procedures, and practices of the organization
• Procedures for detecting, reporting, and responding to security incidents
• Plans and procedures to ensure continuity of operations for information systems that support the operations and assets of the organization.

FISMA, along with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 and the Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (Clinger-Cohen Act), explicitly emphasizes a risk-based policy for cost-effective security. In support of and reinforcing this legislation, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) through Circular A-130, Appendix III, Security of Federal Automated Information Resources, requires executive agencies within the federal government to:

• Plan for security
• Ensure that appropriate officials are assigned security responsibility
• Periodically review the security controls in their information systems
• Authorize system processing prior to operations and, periodically, thereafter

These management responsibilities presume that responsible agency officials understand the risks and other factors that could adversely affect their missions. Moreover, these officials must understand the current status of their security programs and the security controls planned or in place to protect their information and information systems in order to make informed judgments and investments that appropriately mitigate risk to an acceptable level. The ultimate objective is to conduct the day-to-day operations of the agency and to accomplish the agency's stated missions with adequate security, or security commensurate with risk, including the magnitude of harm resulting from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of information. As a key element of the FISMA Implementation Project, NIST also developed an integrated Risk Framework which effectively brings together all of the FISMA-related security standards and guidance to promote the development of comprehensive and balanced information security programs by agencies.